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Penumbra (law)
In United States constitutional law, the penumbra includes a group of rights derived, by implication, from other rights explicitly protected in the Bill of Rights.〔, (Penumbra: Definition ); see also Brannon P. Denning & Glenn Harlan Reynolds, ''Comfortably Penumbral'', 77 1089, 1092 (1997) (discussing definition of "Penumbral Reasoning").〕 Scholars characterize the term as a metaphor for a process of "reasoning-by-interpolation", where judges recognize rights from "general idea()" explicitly expressed in other constitutional provisions.〔Glenn H. Reynolds, (''Penumbral Reasoning on the Right'' ), 140 1333, 1334–36 (1992); see also J. Christopher Rideout, (''Penumbral Thinking Revisited: Metaphor in Legal Argumentation'' ), 7 J. ALWD 155, 155–56 (2010).〕 Although researchers have traced the origin of the term to the nineteenth century, the term first gained significant popular attention in 1965, when Justice William O. Douglas's majority opinion in ''Griswold v. Connecticut'' found a right to privacy in the "penumbra" of the constitution.〔See ''Griswold v. Connecticut'', ; Burr Henly, (''"Penumbra": The Roots of a Legal Metaphor'' ), 15 81, 83–84 (1987) (discussing origins of the term).〕
==Origins of the term==
Commentators disagree about the precise origin of the use of the term "penumbra" in American legal scholarship, but most believe it was first used in the late nineteenth century.〔Compare Louis J. Sirico, Jr., (''Failed Constitutional Metaphors: The Wall of Separation and the Penumbra'' ), 45 459, 478–81 (2011) and Henry T. Greely, ''A Footnote to "Penumbra" in Griswold v. Connecticut'', 6 251 (1989) with Burr Henly, (''"Penumbra": The Roots of a Legal Metaphor'' ), 15 81 (1987).〕 Some researchers trace the first use of the word "penumbra" to an 1873 law review article written by Oliver Wendell Holmes, in which he argued that it is better for new law to grow "in the penumbra between darkness and light, than to remain in uncertainty".〔Burr Henly, (''"Penumbra": The Roots of a Legal Metaphor'' ), 15 Hastings Const. L. Q. 81, 83–84 (1987) (citing Holmes, ''The Theory of Torts'', 7 652, 654 (1873), ''reprinted in'' 44 773, 775 (1931)).〕 Others trace the term to Justice Stephen Johnson Field's 1871 circuit court opinion in ''Montgomery v. Bevans'', where Justice Field used the term to describe "the period during which the law might or might not determine that () missing individual was dead".〔Louis J. Sirico, Jr., (''Failed Constitutional Metaphors: The Wall of Separation and the Penumbra'' ), 45 459, 478–79 (2011) (citing ''Montgomery v. Bevans'', 17 F. Cas. 628, 632 (C.C.D. Cal. 1871) (No. 9735))〕 However, commentators note that "penumbral" reasoning "has been around for a long time" and trace its origins to Supreme Court cases from the nineteenth century that were the "clear product of penumbral reasoning".〔Glenn H. Reynolds, (''Penumbral Reasoning on the Right'' ), 140 1333, 1343–45 (1992) (citing ''Crandall v. Nevada'', 73 U.S. (6 Wall.) 35 (1868); ''McCulloch v. Maryland'', 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819)).〕 For example, some scholars have described Chief Justice John Marshall's opinion in ''McCulloch v. Maryland'' as "the quintessential example of penumbral reasoning".〔Brannon P. Denning & Glenn Harlan Reynolds, ''Comfortably Penumbral'', 77 1089, 1092–93 (1997)〕
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